Kamis, 29 Juni 2017

opinion part 2

The opinion about paper Standards for Teacher competence in Educational Assessment of Students
1.      Teachers Should be skilled in choosing assessment methods appropriate for instructional decision.
According to the text, I truly agree with this perspective. Teachers are models for their students, so they have to be skilled in any field of teaching –learning process such as: teachers should be skilled in choosing assessment methods appropriate for instructional decisions. Assessment methods also one of the important part of teaching-learning process, the teacher should be familiar with the information of the approaches that they are going to take, because if they do not understand, they will not be able to transfer the knowledge to the students fluently. When teachers are skilled in choosing assessment methods they will have the conceptual and application skill as their orientation, so it makes teachers easier to teach the students by following the concept, they will also be able to use the concept of error assessment and they will understand how valid assessment data can support instructional activities, so they can provide support, feedback for students. As we know, by providing support and feedback students will be more motivated in learning,because if their assignments are wrong,so they will know where the errors are taken place and they can revise their works for better changes in instructional decisions. Teachers  understand how valid and invalid the instructional, therefore,  they will be able to use and evaluate assessment related to culture, social,economics and background of language, so they will be aware of different approaches that may  influence quite differently on their teaching.

I hope Indonesian teachers should also be skilled in choosing assessment methods appropriate for instructional decisions, so they can use the best methods that fit both instructional and students.

communication management explanation part 2

In this posting I would like to explain some questions about communication management
1.      Why is understanding communication is important to our daily life? Explain!
Answer : communication is the sending and receiving of a message. According to O’Sullivan et. al (1994),communication is a process of “negotiation and exchange of meaning in which messages, ‘people-in-culture’ and ‘reality’ interact as to enable meaning to be produced or understanding to occur” (p.50).  so as human being we can not live without communicating with other people because communication meets our physical needs, communication meet relational needs, communication fills identity needs, communication meets spiritual needs, an communication serves instrumental needs( Floyd,2011 ). To meet that all aspects, understanding communication is very important to avoid misunderstanding, misinterpretation about the messages of communication.
2.      What makes a communication as an interpersonal communication? Explain!
Answer: I want to explain first about what is interpersonal communication,  According to Floyd (2011)  interpersonal communication is communication that occurs between two people within the context of their relationship and that, as it evolves , helps to negotiate and define their relationship. To call a communication as interpersonal communication we have to see the characteristics of interpersonal communication, that are:
·         Interpersonal communication ocurs between two people
·         Interpersonal communication ocurs within a relationship
·         Interpersonal communication evolves within relationship
·         Interpersonal communication negotiates and defines relationships.
(Floyd, k.2011)
Based on those characteristics  above, communication can be called as interpersonal communication if it fits those characteristics. For example: father and daughter talking about their family. Their relationship is father and daughter.

3.      Is  talking to artificial intelligence ( such as Siri, Cortana, or Google assistant) part of interpersonal communication? If you think that is not an interpersonal communication, what kind of communication is it? Explain!
Answer: In my opinion, this is not kind of interpersonal communication, but this is kind of Extrapersonal communication. Extra Personal Communication is the way of communication in which a human interacts with other species. Types of extra personal communications: - Communication with animals; - Communication with plants; - Communication with machines/robots; . in this case, talking to AI is communication with machines or robots. Artificial intelligence (AI) is the intelligence of machines. It is about designing machines that can think. Voice assistants ,Today, we know systems of artificial intelligence (voice assistant), such as Siri, Google and Cortana. They operate on the basis of principle: person the first asks a question, and then the voice assistant answers(www.comprofessor.com).  Based on the explanation above, I can conclude that talking to AI is not interpersonal communication, because we do not communicate with human, so it calls Extrapersonal communication.
4.      Can we do an intrapersonal communication through social media? Explain!
Answer: in my opinion, Yes we can do intrapersonal commuication trough social media. For example in facebook, if  you write something about your  profile, you can setthe privasi of the account to hide that written from public.  So, only you can access this one. This kind of intrapersonal communication called  ( Solo written communication) because it deals with writing not intended for others.
5.      Is it possible to do interpersonal and intrapersonal communication at the same time? Explain and give an example of how to do it!
Answer: in my opinion, it can be done at the same time both Interpersonal and Intrapersonal communication. For example: I talk to my friend about the ways of the how to make a cake. This is called as Interpersonal communication, because it occurs within relationship, during telling the materials my friend says some statements that meke me doubt about true or not that statement, because I do not brave to interupt her speaking then I said to my self intrapersonally, “Is it Right? Actually no” this is called Intrapersonal communication, because I dont tell her I just say to my self.
6.      Is sign language part of verbal or non-verbal comunication? Explain!
Answer: Before deciding whether sign language verbal and non verbal, I want to explain first what sign language is. According to britanica. Com, sign language means of communication through  bodily movements, especially hands and arms used when spoken communication is impossible or not desirable. In sign language it include the words, phrases, and sentences that have the written structure. It usually used by deaf, this is not kind of body language, because body language only have specific function/ message, but sign language is used by deaf to communicate with other people , not only for specific purposes but it has a whole meaning of the movement. Because of this Sign language is part of verbal communication, in this case verbal does not mean with the voice, it means with words.
7.      Is it possible to combine the non-verbal with the Intrapersonal communication? Give an example!
Answer: In my opinion, it is possible to combine both Intrapersonal and Non-verbal communication, because as stated by Jhonson that communication experts suggest that between 65% and 93% of the meaning of message is conveyed through tone of voice and Non-verbal behaviours(2003)as cited in www.humankinetics,com . For example:
You have an invitation to go to party, so, before going to the party you prepare yourself such as wearing a beautiful dress, put the make up on your face and so on. Before going, you stand in front of the mirror, then you look at your self then you say”looks good”at the same time you also raise up your thumb for signaling everything OK. So that is the combination of Intrapersonal and Non-verbal communication.
8.      Think of 5 different kind of non-verbal cues that may be used by people to signal dishonest mssages to others!
        i.            Eye Contact
Liar avoid eye contact when they’re highly motivated not to be caught. Because eyes never lie. httpa://www.truthaboutdeception.com/lying-and-deception/detecting-deception/nonverbal-cues.html
      ii.            Voice
While speaking a liar will often alter their vocal tone. Their tone has a higher or lower pitch than usual, they have more hesitation in their speech.
    iii.            Repetition
Liars will often repeat the whole question back at start of their answer.
    iv.            Blinking
Lying can require more concentration than usual. The liars blinked more .(www. Paulekman.com/facial-expression/sign-of-lying/)
      v.            Escape
A liar will subconciously point their feet toward the exit, they will also create a physical barriers for interviewers... such as placing a water bottle on the desk between them.


the six-day fast of shawwal

 Assalamualaikum everyone....
In this posting, I would like to share about the explanation of six-days Fasting of Shawwal month.
The six-days fast of Shawwal month
Six days Fasting of the Shawwal month after doing the fasting of Ramadan month is the sunnat deed  not an  obligatory. A Muslim is recommended to do the six days fast of  Shawwal. There are lots of virtues and great rewards for this activity. Among them, whoever does it will undoubtedly reward  for him a full year's fast (if he fasts during Ramadan). As narrated in a saheeh hadeeth from Abu Ayyub RadhiyAllahu 'anhu that the Messenger of Allaah (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) said:
"Whoever fasts in the month of Ramadan
then accompanied by a six-days fast of Shawwal, meaning that  he has fasted for a whole year." (H.R Muslim, Abu Dawud, At-Tirmidhi, An-Nasa'i and Ibn Majah)
 :
Rasulullah
also  has elaborated through his utterances:
"Whoever does the six-day
s fast of  Shawwal after'Iedul Fitri means that he has completed a full year of fasting, and every good is rewarded tenfold."

In a
nother  hadeeth is explained that:
"
Allah has multiplied every virtue tenfold, the fast of Ramadhaan month  is equivalent to fasting for ten months, and the six days fast  of  Shawwal fulfill it one year." (H.R An-Nasa'i and Ibn Majah and included in the Sahih At-Targhib).

The jurists of  Hambali and Shafi'i affirmed that the six-day fast of Shawwal after performing the fasting month of Ramadan is equivalent to a full year of fasting, since the reward of sunnat fasts are also multiplied. They  are also  doubled the reward tenfold. One of the most important aspects of the six-day fasting of Shawwal is to cover the shortcomings of fasting in Ramadan. Because fasting that we have done in the month of  Ramadan must not be separated from the lack or sin that can reduce its virtue. On the Day of Judgment  the reward from sunnat fasting will be taken to cover the shortage of obligatory fasting.
As the words of the Messenger of Allaa (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him)
:
"The first deed of worship that will be reckoned on the Day of Judgment is prayer, Allah Ta'ala said to the angel Check the worship of  My servants, whether perfect or less. If perfect then the reward is perfectly intact. If it is lacking, then Allah commands an angel: "Check if My servant whether or not he did  the sunnat prayers, if he did  it then cover the lack of obligatory prayer with the sunnat prayer." So  also with other deeds of worship. "H. R Abu Dawud            .
Finally, based on the explanation above, the six-day fast of Shawwal is recommended deed to be  performed. As a servant of Allah we know that we have a lot of shortages in worshiping Him. By doing the sunnat deeds we can cover the shortages with those  reward. Because, this is Shawwal month why don’t we try to do this good deed. 


communication management

hello everyone...
today I would like to post some questions and answers about communication management subject
1.      Is there any self-concept within “ crazy people” ? explain briefly
Answer:
Before we determine whether crazy people have any self concept or not. I would like to describe the definition of self-concept and crazy  first. According to Floyd (2011)self-concept is The set of stable ideas a person has about who he or she is; also known as identity.  The term self concept is a general term used to refer to how someone thinks about, evaluates or perceives themselves.to be aware of one self is to have a self concept of one self ( McLeod, 2008).
 Crazy person is less conscious or unconscious about their abnormal behavior. Typically they don’t know what they are talking about.  After knowing what self-concept and crazy person , now we can determine whether crazy people have any self-concept or not. In my opinion, based on the readings that I have read, there is no self-concept within the crazy people, because the crazy people do not conscious about their identities, behaviors and other aspects of themselves.

2.      In this era, many people have utilized social media sites- such as Facebook, Twitter, Linkedln.etc- as medium of communication to interact with other. Is it possible to use” Facebook ”as the alternative of using diary to do intrapersonal communication ? why?
Answer:
In my opinion, Facebook can be used to do intrapersonal communication. on Facebook application there is Privacy settings control access to a personal profile so that only designated friends and users can gain access( Barker & Ota, 2011, p.41). If you write something on your page, there are three options (public, Friends and only me)  whether you want to share it or not. But in doing intrapersonal communication you only keep the diary for yourself.

3.      How do we evaluate a communication  that utilizes phone as its communication  media?
Answer:
In many parts of the world today, mobile phones are used commonly in daily life to communicate, coordinate and to access information. The prime function is to enable communication and information access anywhere and anytime, Current mobile phones contain a lot of information that can be used to reflect on the user’s activities, communication and location behaviour (Schmidt,A., Holleis, et al, 2006: 1-2). The communication via phone can be evaluated in two ways:
First : for speaking communication, we can evaluate the communication wheter it is effective or not based on the voice, tunes, intonations, the way she or he talks. For example if the speaker is not interested in discussion, they will give the short answer with the flat tune and intonation.
Second: we can also evaluate the communication of written texts or we called it as texting. We can evaluate the written, the diction of the word, the capitalized and the emoticon used. For example, we send a long message ( or sharing a story)  to our friend but she only replies  a very short answer, it means that she doesn’t interest in that discussion.

4.      Within the communication context or spaces, sometimes a communication can be categorized as public or mass communication. What do you understand by public and mass communication ? how do they differ from small group communication? Explain and give examples?
Answer:
·         Public communication occurs when a group becomes too large for all members to contribute. One characteristic of public communication is an unequal amount of speaking. One or more people are likely to deliver their remarks to the remaining members, who act as audience. e.g There is a seminar or workshop about leadership with two speakers and a number of audience. In this example the speaker give a speech to the Audience while the audience isn’t able to talk back in a two- way conversation(Adler, R.B & Rodman,G ,2006 :8).
·         Mass communication is Communication that is being transmitted to large numbers of people ( Floyd, 2011). Mass communication consist of messages that are transmitted to large, widespread audiences via electronic and printed media: newspaper, magazines, televisions, radio, blogs, websites. E.g :  the precedence of Indonesia is delivering speech about Indonesian government. Then the speech is being transmitted via television, radio, newspapers and some internet websites to all Indonesian societies.
·         Small Group communication is Communication that occurs in small groups of three or more people, as in a family, on a committee, or in a support group ( Floyd,2011 ). In small group communication every person can participate actively with the other members.  Small groups are common fixture of everyday life. E.g. in my family, my father is having a discussion with my mother and I about my education. So, in this case, three of us are having the same chance to talk, that’s what a small group does (Adler, R.B & Rodman,G,2006 :8).
The differences between public and mass communication to small group communication.
·         First, Most of mass and public communication are aimed at a large audience without any personal contact between sender and receivers, while small group communication is often occur within personal relationship between speakers.
·         Second, mass and public communication messages are financed by large organization, while small group communication often happen in family, friendship without any sponsors. 
                                                                                                                                                                                               

5.      What are the importance of leadership in communication ? please explain briefly
Answer:
*     Effective and accurate communication act as an important factor to grow as an efficient and successful leader or manager. To achieve professional success managers must be effective and convincing communicators. To become a great leader one should be a great communicator. Great leaders are always considered as first-class communicators, they have a clear set of values and they always believe in promoting and inculcating those values in others.  For an effective manager it is obligatory to ensure persuasion, responsibility, premeditated association, creating and managing value system and to provide support and motivation to his teams. It is a manager’s communication skills which motivate and inspire teammates to work hard and achieve team targets and organizational goals as well. communicating with their teams and suggestions to improve communication to make leadership more effective ( Luthra &Dahiya :2015).

*     Communication is to create understanding. In the case of leader, understanding of the vision, the values and the strategic direction of the organization. The leader must inform, excite, motivate, and built trust with the stakeholders to behave in ways that will ensure sustained business success ( IntDom :2016).
*     Leaders must communicate direction. They must bring the people on board, excite them with their vision and earn their support.

References
Adler, R.B & Rodman,G.(2006). Understanding human communication(ninth edition). New         York:            Oxford University press. P.8
Barker, V& Ota, H. (2011). Mixi diary versus Facebook photos : Social networking site    use       among               Japanese and Caucasian American females. Journal of Intercultural    Communication                            Research,40(1),41.
Floyd, K.(2011). Interpersonal communication( second editionI).USA: Arizona State University p.72
IntDom.(2016). The Importance of Communication in Leadership. Retrieved june 19,2017, from businessdna.co.za/importance-communication-leadership/
Luthra,A.&Dahiya, R.(2015). Effective leadership is all about communicating effectively: connecting leadership and communication.International Journal of Management & Business Studies,5(3),43
McLeod, S.(2008). Self Concept. Retrieved June 19,2017, from               https://www.simplypsychology.org/self-concept.html
Schmidt,A., Holleis, P., Häkkilä, J., Rukzio ,E., Altere,R. (2006).Mobile phones as tool to increase     communication and location awareness of users, Proceedings of the 3rd         International Conference on Mobile Technology, Application,& Systems (pp.1-2).          USA: New York


Rabu, 28 Juni 2017

Opinion

The Opiny Of Cizek Paper: The Long History of High-Stakes Tests

According to the history I strongly disagree with this High-Stakes tests because, the essential of the tests is to measure someones’ ability not to do killing. In this test there no tolerance for an error.. For example, if  there is  fugitives from the tribe of Ephraim when they tried to cross the Jordan river they will be asked “ are you member of the tribe of Ephraim? If the man replied that he was not, then they demanded. They also asked him to say “shibboleth”but if they can not pronounce the H sound in that word, they pronounced “Sibboleth”so they will be dragged away and killed.
I think in this present, this kinds of tests are not appropriate anymore, because as we know that all human beings have the right to live or in other words there is Human Right to defend their right because human lives are worthwhile. We should conduct tests to determine the human’s ability so that we can improve their knowledge until they can survive in a world full of problems and challenges. If there are 100 people who take the this examination and only 20% of them can pass , so, can you imagine that? In a year a country or a tribe lose their society about 80% of the people who follow the test and this will show social inequality and a country will lose a lot of human resources. If someone will be killed just by the test, so where is the moral value of the high-stakes maker?. In this article showed that a lot of people of  Ephraim who died just because of small mistake.
In our religion, killing people is a big sin, so the religion teach us about tolerance among others. In our country Indonesia, the Murder will be punished with a heavy  punishment. A teacher should not be scolded or said rude to students especially hitting or killing, just because they could not answer question in the test.